Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which group was primarily responsible for taking care of the people's spirituality on the manor?, The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought between the Christians and the _____., As learning and trade progressed, the medieval structure began to break down. and more.T. One of the rights that comes with membership in the Catholic Church is: the right to hear the Word of God and have it explained. The baptism of adults, infants, and children, must take place at the Easter Vigil. F. Baptism absolves both Original Sin and personal sin. T. An Italian Dominican priest, philosopher and theologian of the Roman Catholic Church who deeply influenced Western philosophy. He is noted for blending ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his own time. Head of the Roman Catholic Church. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Aquinas, St. Thomas, canon ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Holiness is from God, Thomas Merton's order, Merton's autobiography and more. ... The Church is Catholic. 28 terms. ladybug2000. Preview. Chapter 3 Study Guide Questions: The Sacraments. 61 terms. Danaheck. Preview. Case for Christ Chapter 2 Questions. 9 terms. Foster_Tollison.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pope Paul, Council of Trent, Jesuits and more.The forty-six books that make up the first part of the Bible and record salvation history before the coming of the Savior, Jesus Christ. The twenty-seven books of the Bible written in apostolic times, which include the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and the Epistles. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like non-Christian ... There was a shift to a rural society. Trade grew in other parts of Europe. C. After the Roman Empire collapsed, the Catholic Church began to unify Europe by. taking on many duties of a government. attracting many Christians. letting people elect their own priests. making the pope as powerful as an emperor. A.saved through faith alone. Catholicism theological/religious beliefs. found salvation only through the Roman Catholic Church, had to go to church and do good deeds to be saved; had to agree with the Church's interpretation of the Bible. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did the Protestant Reformation affect ...a brotherhood or sisterhood of monks, nuns, or friars. friar. member of a men's Roman Catholic group who studies or teaches about Christianity. clergy. the people who perform the sacred functions of the church. cardinal. advisor to the Pope. abbot. leader of monks.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes and more.Q-Chat ... This is the sale of church offices. For example, in 1487 the pope sold 24 offices. People were outraged that unqualified people would become bishops or ...T. One of the rights that comes with membership in the Catholic Church is: the right to hear the Word of God and have it explained. The baptism of adults, infants, and children, must take place at the Easter Vigil. F. Baptism absolves both Original Sin and personal sin. T. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the two pillars of the Church, which together uphold the unity of her faith (the whole deposit of the Divine Revelation is communicated through these)., Fill in the following blanks (without which the sentence remains incomplete): "_____ is the ultimate source of that faith on which our …The Christian Church headed by the Pope in Rome. An area ruled by a Bishop. A journey to a holy site (Most Christians hoped to go to pilgrimage at some point of their life). The crusades were a series of military expeditions to the land where Jesus had lived, which Christians called the Holy places.The equality of all citizens. The _______________ is one of the most outspoken defenders of human rights and human freedom today and she has embraced some of the liberal ideology. Catholic Church. Unfortunately , the liberals of the _____ century rejected the idea that all powers and authority come from God. 19th. If you make tithes to your church, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) considers those amounts charitable contributions. Charitable contributions are allowed as deductions on Form 1...St. Augustine was involved with it. One god created good, one created evil. No one responsible for own sins (St. Augustin's favorite part) Jesus came to save own soul. Arianism. Jesus is not divine, not God. Donatism. Heresy that states that the minister of a sacrament must be holy for the sacrament to be valid. Pelagianism. These four marks of the Church one, holy, catholic, and apostolic — are fully realized in the Catholic Church. While other Christian Churches accept and profess the Creed, and possess elements of truth and …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like in St, Johns Gospel who is called the "Word of God"?, who is called the patron saint of missions even though she never left her convent?, what future apostle stood by watching the stoning of the Church's first martyr, Stephen? and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How influential was the Roman Catholic Church in medieval Europe?, Who are Christians?, Which Roman Emperor issued a decree allowing Christians to practice their religion freely? Terms in this set (42) Tabernacle. What is the name of the ornate receptacle used to place the Body of Christ? Chalice. What is the name of the cup used by the priest/Eucharistic ministers for the Blood of Christ? Paten. What is the name of the plate on which the hosts are placed during Mass? Purificator.What is the biggest difference between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism? -One main difference between the two religions, is over the office and authority of ...In Catholicism, the magisterium is the authority that lays down what is the authentic teaching of the Church. For the Catholic Church, that authority is vested uniquely in the pope and the bishops who are in communion with him. Canon of Scripture. This complete list is called the canon of Scripture. It includes 46 books for the Old Testament ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The council of _____ reformed the catholic church, Saint ignatius of Loyola founded the _____ many whom became great missionaries, saint teresa of avila is called a _____ because she had an experience of direct union with god and more.The sacrament in which a man becomes a priest. Penance. Confession of sins to a priest in order to receive God's forgiveness. Extreme Unction. A blessing in which a person who is in danger of death is blessed by a priest. Saint Benedict. The man who developed the monastic way of life in western Europe. Thomas Aquinas.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the church was used for, the Christian Church takes shape, pilgrimages and crusades and more.The Reformation. or Protestant Reformation, was the reform movement that split the Roman Catholic Church in Europe and established a new branch of Christianity: Protestantism (which took various forms). Lutheranism. The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a monk and theology professor, posted Ninety-Five Theses in …King Henry VIII broke ties with Catholic Church due to practical reasons. Namely, King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, with whom he had a daughter Mary, but no sons.Since he needed a male heir to secure a trouble-free succession, he wanted a new marriage with a woman named Anne Boleyn.Why did Martin Luther criticize the Roman Catholic Church? a) It was in favor of sola scriptura. b) It was encouraging science. c) It was using indulgences for financial benefits. d) It condemned corruption. world history. and explain the significance: indulgences. sects.Terms in this set (37) eparchy. a portion of the people of God entrusted to a bishop; particular church; diocese (CIC) eparch. eparchial bishop to whom an eparchy has been entrusted; diocesan bishop (CIC) protosyncellus. an appointee of the eparchial bishop to assist him in governing the whole eparchy; has ordinary vicarious power; vicar ...The four basic types of prayers are prayers of blessing and adoration, prayers of petition, prayers of intercession and prayers of thanksgiving. Prayers can be mental or verbal, bu...a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group. Dogma. a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true. Encyclical. a papal letter sent to all bishops of the Roman Catholic Church. Judaism. the monotheistic religion of the Jews.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Divine Revelation, Magisterium, Apostolic Tradition and more. ... Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Churches rejoined with the Roman Catholic Church for about 10 years. After this some Churches remained with Rome and others re-split and remained Orthodox.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain the difference between saying the "Catholic Church" and saying the Churhc is catholic., While the word _______________ is not in the Bible, the early Church started describing herself as catholic to hilghlight the differences between the Church and many of the herectical sects that were arising., Who uses the word during ... The Reformation. or Protestant Reformation, was the reform movement that split the Roman Catholic Church in Europe and established a new branch of Christianity: Protestantism (which took various forms). Lutheranism. The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a monk and theology professor, posted Ninety-Five Theses in …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Jesus provide a basic structure for the Church?, How does Jesus' basic structure ...Interpret the following list which summarizes the Tridentine Creed and select the statement which best explains the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. There is one God and Jesus is his son. The Holy Spirit, Father, and Son are one singular being. Baptism can only be done by priests upon a child's birth.The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many churches to close their doors, leaving many Catholics unable to attend mass. Fortunately, there are now several ways to participate in live Ca...The uninterrupted transmission of spiritual authority from the Apostles through successive popes and bishops, taught by the Roman Catholic Church but denied by most Protestants. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pope - Pope Francis, Cardinal - Cardinal George Pell, Archbishop - Archbishop Timmothy Costello and more. The sacrament that binds a man and woman in lifelong commitment in fidelity to Christ. The sacrament of Marriage is conferred (given) by the bride and groom. The first marriage of the Bible is between Adam and Eve. The last biblical marriage is …The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy. Had jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition. How did the Holy Office affect the Catholic reformation? Had power over Inquisition and controlled a lot in the Church. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What reforms did the ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Why did King Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church? A. He was trying to unify Great Britain. B. The Pope had banned England from exploring the New World because the Church already had limited land ownership there to Spain and Portugal. C. He wanted a divorce, and the Pope …MASTERMINDS OF SUSPICION Marx:-Communism-Completely materialistic POV-Believed religion promoted slavery it is the opium of the masses-religion is a story of class struggle and it's the way the wealthy hold down the working class Freud: -Believed there was sexual desire of child to parent of opposite sex-relion is a source of conflict …Terms in this set (37) eparchy. a portion of the people of God entrusted to a bishop; particular church; diocese (CIC) eparch. eparchial bishop to whom an eparchy has been entrusted; diocesan bishop (CIC) protosyncellus. an appointee of the eparchial bishop to assist him in governing the whole eparchy; has ordinary vicarious power; vicar ...Dominican friar and preacher, Viewed pleasure as wicked, Preached God's wrath, judgment, Denounced corrupt clergy, criticized Lorenzo Medici, Became sole ruler of Florence, and Burned to death in 1498. What is Flagellation. A religious practice of whipping oneself with a …The uninterrupted transmission of spiritual authority from the Apostles through successive popes and bishops, taught by the Roman Catholic Church but denied by most Protestants. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pope - Pope Francis, Cardinal - Cardinal George Pell, Archbishop - Archbishop Timmothy Costello and more. In today’s digital age, students have a wide range of tools at their disposal to aid in their exam preparation. One such tool that has gained popularity among students is Quizlet. ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What did the six newly baptized adults and nineteen university students profess during the Easter Vigil at St.Thomas Aquinas Church in central Iowa?, True/False: Faith and the Church should be treated as two independent things., From a Catholic perspective, Christian faith cannot …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like This is a photograph of the Sandal reliquary of Saint Andrew. Explain what a reliquary is as well as its importance to the Catholic Church?, What is the above image a photograph of? Why was it created?, Name the above portrait and the artist who painted it. What was its original purpose? and more. Terms in this set (50) TRUE. The desire for God is imprinted in our hearts; our human beginnings, our final goal, the Universe, and the longings of our hearts cannot be explained without God. FALSE. It is not possible to know by reason alone that God exists, so God has revealed truth in supernatural Revelation. TRUE.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the Catholic Church hierarchy?, What job did the Papal Curia have?, What is an archbishop in charge of? and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like in St, Johns Gospel who is called the "Word of God"?, who is called the patron saint of missions even though she never left her convent?, what future apostle stood by watching the stoning of the Church's first martyr, Stephen? and more.religion. 22 terms. rs14908. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the Catechism of the Catholic Church?, What is the abbreviation for the Catechism of the Catholic Church?, What does the word "Catechism" mean? and more.The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops, priests, and deacons. In the ecclesiological sense of the term, "hierarchy" strictly means the "holy ordering" of the …Some major differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England (Anglican) include women, gays and lesbians in the clergy; priests are allowed to marry; and grea...Click the card to flip 👆. The word catholic here means universality or fullness. First, the Church is Catholic because Christ is present in her. Thus she possesses the fullness of Christ and, through him, the fullness of the means of salvation. Second, the Church is catholic because Christ sent her to gather all people, from all times, into ...After Pope Gregory the 11th's death, the college of cardinals met to elect a new pope. Fearing another French pope, the Romans threatened to trap and kill the cardinals unless a Roman or an Italian were to be elected. The cardinals eventually succumbed to those threats, and thus came the first Italian pope, Pope Urban the 6th.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Faith is man's _____, who reveals himself and gives himself to man, at the same time bringing man a _____ as he searches for the _____., What are the 3 parts of Part One "Profession of Faith"?, This search for God demands of man every _____, a sound ____, "an _____", as well as …A. to achieve a lasting peace with the Catholic nations of Spain and France. B. to eliminate any traces of Catholicism from the Church of England. C. to assist Henry VIII in his quest for an annulment to his marriage. D. to create a hierarchy within the Church of England modeled on that of the Catholic Church.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the church was used for, the Christian Church takes shape, pilgrimages and crusades and more. The Roman Catholic Church refers to their rituals and ceremonies as rites, including baptism and first communion. There are various rites that take place during specific times of t...What were the Council of Trent decisions with regard to church discipline? 1) A seminary for the education of priests was to be set up in each diocese. 2) Decrees were passed against pluralism and absenteeism by clergy and religious …The successor of Peter, the bishop of Rome, and the head of the entire Roman Catholic Church. Image: Pope. Magisterium.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Doctrine, Dogma, Judaism and more. Home. Subjects. Expert solutions. Create. Study sets, textbooks, questions ... The Catholic Church has been working hard to strengthen the communion, and ultimately restore the unity, between the Catholic Church and other churches and …Catholics believe in a God who is mediated by (who acts through) creation · The basic nature of the church changes as the people in the church change.Catholicism believes that the Pope takes the place of Jesus, as the visible head of the Church. On the other hand, Protestants believe that no human being is infallible and that Christ alone is the Head of the Church. -A second main difference, is that Catholics and Protestants disagree on what it means to be justified before God.Click the card to flip 👆. The word catholic here means universality or fullness. First, the Church is Catholic because Christ is present in her. Thus she possesses the fullness of Christ and, through him, the fullness of the means of salvation. Second, the Church is catholic because Christ sent her to gather all people, from all times, into ...Catholicism. Refers to the Roman Catholic Church and its ecclesial culture. However many other Christians consider themselves to be living in continuity with the "catholic" tradition especially E.O. In union with the holy, catholic and apostolic church in the Nicene Creed. ecumenism. What were the Council of Trent decisions with regard to church discipline? 1) A seminary for the education of priests was to be set up in each diocese. 2) Decrees were passed against pluralism and absenteeism by clergy and religious …The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The crusades kept all Europe in tumult for two centuries and cost Christendom several millions of lives. The holy wars affected indirectly and became an important factor in the history of the progress of civilization. The crusades contributed to increase ...The Church. the ability to ask questions, to wonder, to learn. intellect. the power to makes choices with the possibility that they could love God and one another. free will. A term that means "the first gospel" which is found in Genesis 3:15, when God revealed he would send a savior. Protoevangelium.The four marks or characteristics that identify the Church are: one, holy, catholic, and apostolic. How is the Church one? The Church is one because the members of the Church believe in the same faith and teachings, participate in the same Sacraments, especially the Eucharist, are governed by the Pope and Bishops, and work together in charity. What is the biggest difference between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism? -One main difference between the two religions, is over the office and authority of ...A diocese that serves as the primary diocese in its region. From the Greek for "overseer." By divine institution, he succeeds the Apostles through the Holy Spirit who is given to him. He is constituted a Pastor in the Church, to be the teacher of doctrine, the priest of sacred worship, and the minister of governance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Christianity, Pope, Corruption and more. ... The Catholic Church used many corrupt ways to raise money. One way was the Church sold offices, or leadership positions. Instead of being chosen based on their merit and accomplishments, buyers simply paid for their jobs. Buying an ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The council of _____ reformed the catholic church, Saint ignatius of Loyola founded the _____ many whom became great missionaries, saint teresa of avila is called a _____ because she had an experience of direct union with god and more. medieval. (adjective) referring, describing, or a characterisitc of the Middle Ages. Medieval Europe. Time period and place where the Roman Catholic Church was the unifying force for most people. Christianity. A monotheistic religion of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus.The Fathers of the Church are so called because of their leadership in the early Church, especially in defending, expounding, and developing Catholic doctrines. For the first two …The Catholic Churches role in education during the middle ages. - Cathedral Schools were set up by the parish clergy. - Schools prepared the sons of nobles for service in the church. - Schools also trained government workers, lawyers, and teachers. - Universities were teachers and students devoted to learning.A set of spiritual beliefs, values, and practices. Persecute. To cause a person to suffer because of his or her beliefs. Roman Catholic Church. The Christian church headed by the pope in Rome. clergy. A group of people, such as priests, who perform the sacred functions of a church. sacrament. a sacred rite of the Christian religion.The church of the early Middle Ages. During the thousand years of the Middle Ages, from the fall of Rome to the Renaissance, the papacy matured and established itself as the preeminent authority over the church.Religious life assumed new forms or reformed established ones, and missionaries expanded the geographic boundaries of the faith.The …1517 - Luther and 95 Theses changes religion and art Protestant vs. Roman Catholic 3o year war- people are impacted by the war people started moving away from the church so they started to add emotions, and more common themes that people would associate with more; They used the doubting Thomas ideal to pull people in 1563 December 3 - also …The sacrament in which a man becomes a priest. Penance. Confession of sins to a priest in order to receive God's forgiveness. Extreme Unction. A blessing in which a person who is in danger of death is blessed by a priest. Saint Benedict. The man who developed the monastic way of life in western Europe. Thomas Aquinas.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Christians who were members of non-Catholic churches were considered, Otherwise known as a pardon, released a sinner from the penalty that a priest imposed for sins, Luther was declared this; a person who holds beliefs that differ from official Church teachings and more.Why did Martin Luther criticize the Roman Catholic Church? a) It was in favor of sola scriptura. b) It was encouraging science. c) It was using indulgences for financial benefits. d) It condemned corruption. world history. and explain the significance: indulgences. sects.St. Raphael Catholic Church is a stunning architectural masterpiece located in [insert location]. This magnificent church has been standing tall for [insert number] years and conti...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The council of _____ reformed the catholic church, Saint ignatius of Loyola founded the _____ many whom became great missionaries, saint teresa of avila is called a _____ because she had an experience of direct union with god and more. Holy day. Benedictine Monks. Lived in convents, could not get married, and spent their time in prayer, study, and work. Franciscan Friars. Traveled among people, couldn't live in monasteries, spent their days helping the poor and the sick and traveling. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Who funded the church ...
King Henry VIII broke ties with Catholic Church due to practical reasons. Namely, King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, with whom he had a daughter Mary, but no sons.Since he needed a male heir to secure a trouble-free succession, he wanted a new marriage with a woman named Anne Boleyn.. The baynet southern maryland
challenged church backwardness, no a radical just wanted a more educated and lodgical humanist church. abuses in the church. clergy was poorly trained and ofter illiterate, higher ranking clergy were more interested in materialism, popes had lots of money, simony, indulgences, usury. Simony. when clergy would buy their positions in the church.Creed. An adopted statement of beliefs. Iconoclasts. People who opposed icons. Great Schism. The split between the Eastern and Western churches. Pope. The Roman Catholic Church leader. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Icon, Creed, Iconoclasts and more.The Council of Trent was the Roman Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. Who called it together? Pope Paul III called is together. What were three outcomes of the Council of Trent? The three outcomes of the Council of Trent where that is established a confession of faith and supremacy of the Papcy, it condemned the ... challenged church backwardness, no a radical just wanted a more educated and lodgical humanist church. abuses in the church. clergy was poorly trained and ofter illiterate, higher ranking clergy were more interested in materialism, popes had lots of money, simony, indulgences, usury. Simony. when clergy would buy their positions in the church.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Three Phases of U.S. American Catholic History, Republican Phase, Immigrant Phase and more. ... Became the leading spokesman for the Catholic Church in New York, took strong stand against the violence towards immigrants and is responsible for the building of St. Patrick's ...True. The Catholic Church teaches that it is God's desire that all people will be saved. True. Calvin set up a Christian democracy in Switzerland. False. Henry VIII was given the title "Defender of the Faith" for his defense of Catholic teaching on the sacraments against Martin Luther's teaching. True.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like the church was used for, the Christian Church takes shape, pilgrimages and crusades and more.Terms in this set (6) Revival Movement WITHIN the Catholic Church spurred by the attacks of the Protestant Reformation. There were many Catholics who wanted to see Church practices cleaned up but wanted to remain faithful to the Church. These Catholic reformers created new orders of monks (Jesuits); new lay movements to foster piety; and called ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Apostolicity, Archbishop, Archdiocese and more. ... The Church is catholic in the dual sense that she (a) possesses the fullness of the means of salvation and (b) has been sent by Christ to the whole human race. Catholic also describes a member of the Church in union with the Pope.What is the Catholic Church set apart to reveal? They are set apart to reveal that one God has became incarnate in Jesus and is present in the spirit.4. War. WESTERN EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 90% of the people were peasants. 10% of the people were nobles. PEASANTS DRAWN TO THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. Taught love of sick, poor and weak. Kingdom of Heaven (provides hope) MUST follow teachings of the church (teachings interpreted by local priests because of this, …o Messiah à The anointed one (kings, priests, and prophets) • Chosen by God. o Jesus gave the keys to the kingdom of heaven to Peter. • Revealed by the Father. • Authority exercised on each is divinely ratified in heaven. • Whatever he forgives in church its forgiven in heaven. • First Pope• Jesus chose Peter. The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The crusades kept all Europe in tumult for two centuries and cost Christendom several millions of lives. The holy wars affected indirectly and became an important factor in the history of the progress of civilization. The crusades contributed to increase ...saved through faith alone. Catholicism theological/religious beliefs. found salvation only through the Roman Catholic Church, had to go to church and do good deeds to be saved; had to agree with the Church's interpretation of the Bible. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did the Protestant Reformation affect ...Gamaliel. Member of Sanhedrin who advocated a "look/see" policy toward Christians. St. Justin Martyr. Apologist. Pope St. Cornelius. Declared that mortal sins could be forgiven if the sinner repented and did penance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Polycarp, Christ and Baptism, Gospels and more.1. Only church could interpret scripture. 2. Both faith and good works were necessary. After the death of Pope Paul III how did the Catholic church react? many leaders in the Catholic Church were working to reform abuses and bring to Catholic worship new insights about textual criticism of Christian humanism. Study with Quizlet and memorize ...a belief or set of beliefs held and taught by a church, political party, or other group. Dogma. a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true. Encyclical. a papal letter sent to all bishops of the Roman Catholic Church. Judaism. the monotheistic religion of the Jews.Dealing with opposition to its ideological rule with violence gave the Catholic Church immense by the High Middle Ages, allowing it to establish supremacy even over individual rulers despite their land-based power founded in feudalism.The key to this supremacy was control over coalitions of Christian kingdoms whose threat was so powerful that rarely ….